CLINICAL
(1) Consultant Urological Surgeon South Manchester, University Hospitals NHS Trust and Trafford Health Care Trust
(2) Honorary Consultant Urological Surgeon, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester
(3) Consultant Urological Surgeon, BUPA Hospital Manchester

ACADEMIC
(1) Honorary Clinical Lecturer in Urology, University of Manchester
(2) Examiner for FRCS and MRCS: Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

NON CLINICAL
(1) President, Eurolithiasis Society (A multidisciplinary group of clinicians and scientists in Europe to promote the advancement of knowledge related to urinary stone disease)
(2) Member of Section Office, European Association of Urology (EAU) EAU is a major organisation with several "offices" (eg: health policy, health guidelines, education, publication, health care research and sections).

Publications and lectures
(1) Author/co-author of several publications (TOTAL = 99; 45 in peer reviewed journals and chapters; 44 publications in "proceedings of meetings")

Editor (jointly with Drs.Kavanagh and Tiselius) of the book: Urolithiasis - Consensus and Controversies (1994)

(2) Delivered many papers and lectures (including key note lectures) at major national and international congresses and symposia

Research
(1) Directed several research projects and supervised 3 university thesis degrees

(2) Obtained many research grants (TOTAL app. £500,000)
    (1) National Kidney Research Fund (1984) £20,000
    (2) Medical Research Council (1992) £200,000 (jointly with Bristol Urological Institute)
    (3) North West Regional Health Authority (1994) £20,000
    (4) North West Regional Health Authority (1998) £20,000
    (5) National Kidney Research Fund (2001) (93,993)
    (6) National Kidney Research Fund (2003) £81,598
    (7) Oxaluria and Oxalosis Society (2004) £70,000

(3) Established an internationally recognised research unit into causation of urinary stones

Teaching
Post-graduate: Organised several symposia and surgical work-shops (9) and post-graduate courses (3), Faculty member of surgical work-shops (5) Undergraduate: Was a very active member of under-graduate teaching until 1999 but I have not been active since. However, commitment to under-graduate teaching is part of my Professional Development Plan for year 2004.

Editorial
(1) Acted as a referee to British Journal of Urology, Urological Research, Medical Research Council, Science and Engineering Research Council, Swiss National Science Foundation, Royal College of Surgeons of England

(2) Currently member of the Editorial Board of Urological Research

(1) Minimally Invasive Surgical Management of urinary stone disease
(2) Causation and medical treatment of urinary stones
(3) Minimally invasive treatment for urological conditions (example: Prostate Cancer)

(1) Established a regional tertiary referral centre for endo-urological management of urinary stones and other urological conditions.
(2) Initiated and implemented several service initiatives, examples include:
    (a) One-stop clinics
    (b) Rapid Access clinics
    (c) Diagnostic clinics
    (d) Day Services concepts
    (e) Pre-operative assessment (much before the concept was taken up nation wide)
    (f) Establishment of "Nurse Practitioners" (much before the concept became common practice)
(3) Personally initiated and lead a major reorganisation of urological services in the South West of Manchester.

Consensus committee: Standardisation of terminology for lithotripsy, Edinburgh (1990)
MRC committee: Potential research projects in the area of urinary stones, London, (1990)
Consensus committee: Medical management of urinary stones, Heidelberg, Germany, (1999)
Member, Medical Treatment Committee, 1st International Consultation on Stone Disease, Paris (2002)
Advisory committee: 2nd Urolithiasis Symposium, Istanbul 2003
Advisory committee: 10th International urolithiasis symposium, Hong Kong, May (2004)

1. J.P.Kavanagh, CL Jones, PN Rao. Calcium Oxalate crystallisation kinetics at different concentrations of human and artificial urine with a constant calcium to oxalate ratio. Urological Research (1999) 27, 231-237.

2. J.Joshi, OO Obadeyi, PN Rao. A comparative analysis of nephrostomy, JJ stent and urgent in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for obstructing ureteric stones. British Journal of Urology (1999) 84, 264-269.

3. P.N.Rao, VS Gada. (invited review). Intracorporeal Lithotripsy (a critical review). In: Kidney Stones. Eds. Borghi et al, Editoriales Bios, Corsenza (199) 79-86.

4. JP Kavanagh, CL Jones, PN Rao. Calcium oxalate crystallisation kinetic studies by oxalate induced turbidity in fresh human urine and artificial urine. Clinical Science (2000), 98, 151-158

5. AW Elves, K.Tilling, P Menzes, M Willis, PN Rao, RC Feneley. Early observations of the effect of extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy on blood pressure: a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Urology International (2000) 85 (6), 611-615.

6. F Keeley, K Tilling, AW Elves, P Menzes, M Willis, PN RAO, RC Feneley. Preliminary results of randomised controlled trial of prophylactic shock wave lithotripsy for small asymptomatic renal calyceal stones. British Journal of Urology International (2001), 87 (1), 1-8

7. HB Joshi, S Adams, OO Obadeyi, PN Rao. Nephrostomy tube or JJ ureteric stent in ureteric obstruction: Assessment of patient perspectives using quality of life survey and utility analysis. European Urology (2001) 39, 695-701.

8. K Ananth, JP Kavanagh, RC Walton, PN Rao. Enlargement of calcium oxalate stones to a clinically significant size in an in vitro stone generator. British Journal of Urology International (2002) 90, 439-444.

9. T Essen, VR Marshall, PN Rao, B. Ettinger, A Tefekli. Medical management of urolithiasis. In: Stone disease. 1st International Consultation on Stone Disease (a major WHO sponsored consultation) Eds. Segura et al. Health Publications, Paris (2003) 135-149.

10. K Chow, J Dixon, S.Gilpin, JP Kavanagh, PN Rao. A stone farm: development of a method for simultaneous production of multiple calcium oxalate stones in vitro. Urological Research (2004) In press.

11. K Chow, J Dixon, S Gilpin, JP Kavanagh, PN Rao. Citrate inhibits growth of residual fragments in an in vivo model of calcium oxalate renal stones. Kidney International (2004) In Press.

12. G Gamabaro, J Reis-Santos, PN Rao. Why has urolithiasis research stagnated? European Urology (2004) In press.

13. Rao PN. Imaging for stones in the kidney (invited review). World Journal of Urology (2004) In press.

1. RC Walton, JP Kavanagh, PN Rao, BR Heywood (2003). In Urolithiasis, Proceedings of 2nd Eulis Symposium, edited by K Sarica, F Yagci, A Erbegci, Y Inal, RE-TA Offset Publishing, Gaziantep, Turkey pp60. The effects of crystallisation methodology on calcium oxalate nucleation and growth.

2. K Chow, J Dixon, S Gilpin, PN Rao, JP Kavanagh (2003). In Urolithiasis, Proceedings of 2nd Eulis Symposium, edited by K Sarica, F Yagci, A Erbegci, Y Inal, RE-TA Offset Publishing, Gaziantep, Turkey pp78-79. Therapeutic inhibitors of macroscopic stone growth.

3. SS Gopi, JP Kavanagh R Walton, P Downey, PN Rao (2003). In Urolithiasis, Proceedings of 2nd Eulis Symposium, edited by K Sarica, F Yagci, A Erbegci, Y Inal, RE-TA Offset Publishing, Gaziantep, Turkey pp234. Effect of acute load of six soft drinks on urinary risk factors.

4. RC Walton, JP Kavanagh, PN Rao, BR Heywood (2003). In Urolithiasis, Proceedings of 2nd Eulis Symposium, edited by K Sarica, F Yagci, A Erbegci, Y Inal, RE-TA Offset Publishing, Gaziantep, Turkey pp371. Quantitative evidence for selective uptake of urinary protein by calcium oxalate crystals.

5. RC Walton, JP Kavanagh, PN Rao, BR Heywood (2003). In Urolithiasis, Proceedings of 2nd Eulis Symposium, edited by K Sarica, F Yagci, A Erbegci, Y Inal, RE-TA Offset Publishing, Gaziantep, Turkey pp372. Calcium oxalate hydromorphs and protein binding.

6. R.C. Walton, J.P. Kavanagh, N.J.R. George, P.N. Rao, B.R. Heywood (2001). In Eurolithiasis, Proceedings of 9th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, edited by D.J. Kok, H.C. Romijn, P.C.M.S. Verhagen, C.F. Verkoelen, Shaker Publishing, Maastricht, pp80-81. The relationship between the density of calcium oxalate crystals grown in human urine and their protein content.

7. K. Ananth, J.P. Kavanagh, P.N. Rao (2001). In Eurolithiasis, Proceedings of 9th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, edited by D.J. Kok, H.C. Romijn, P.C.M.S. Verhagen, C.F. Verkoelen, Shaker Publishing, Maastricht pp258-260. Calcium oxalate stones grown in vitro - the role of urinary macromolecules.

8. R.C. Walton, J.P. Kavanagh P.N. Rao (2001). In Eurolithiasis, Proceedings of 9th European Symposium on Urolithiasis, edited by D.J. Kok, H.C. Romijn, P.C.M.S. Verhagen, C.F. Verkoelen, Shaker Publishing, Maastricht, pp82-83. Metastable limits and turbidity rates in spot urines from controls and stone-formers, using the 96 well plate method.

9. J.P. Kavanagh, R. Walton, P.N. Rao, J.M. Cooley (2000). In Urolithiasis 2000, Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Urolithiasis, Edited by A.L. Rodgers, B.E. Hibbert, B Hess, S.R. Khan & G.M. Preminger, University of Capetown, South Africa, pp535-538. Predicting the benefit of changes to stone risk factors.

10. J.P. Kavanagh, R. Walton, P.N. Rao (2000). In Urolithiasis 2000, Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Urolithiasis, Edited by A.L. Rodgers, B.E. Hibbert, B Hess, S.R. Khan & G.M. Preminger, University of Capetown, South Africa, pp 531-532. Retrospective analysis of repeated urine samples.

11. R.C. Walton, J.P. Kavanagh, V. Gada, P.N. Rao (2000). In Urolithiasis 2000, Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Urolithiasis, Edited by A.L. Rodgers, B.E. Hibbert, B Hess, S.R. Khan & G.M. Preminger, University of Capetown, South Africa, pp 60-62. Chemical analysis and crystallization properties of urine samples from stone formers and controls.

12. R.C. Walton, J.P. Kavanagh, P.N. Rao, C. Stevens, B. Heywood (2000). In Urolithiasis 2000, Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Urolithiasis, Edited by A.L. Rodgers, B.E. Hibbert, B Hess, S.R. Khan & G.M. Preminger, University of Capetown, South Africa, pp 57-59. Crystallization properties of pH adjusted urine from stone formers and controls.

13. J.Lewin, P.N.Rao, Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy in the New Millennium, In. Kidney Stones: Inside & Out. Eds. M.D.Gohel and D WT Au, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (2004) pp252-258.

1. The economics of urolithiasis. XV Congress of European Association of Urology, Brussels, Belgium, April 2000

2. Trends in the management of nephrolithiasis, 3rd Congress of the polish Society of Paediatric Nephrology, Zakopane, Poland, April 2000

3. Endoscopic management of urinary stones, Annual meeting of Nephrological Society of Portugal, The Algarve, Portugal, May 2000

4. Internet for continuing medical education, Brazilian-Portuguese Urological Work-shop, Recife, Brazil, December 2000

5. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - its future. 8th European Urolithiasis Symposium, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, September 2001

6. Management of difficult stone cases, XVI Congress of European Association of Urology, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001

7.What is new in urolithiasis? Department of urology and Nephrology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, September 2002

8.Urolithiasis - economic truths: Can we afford not to investigate? 1sr eULIS symposium, Manchester, UK, December 2002

9. Imaging techniques in urolithiasis. Annual Congress of Tunisian Association of Urology, Tunis, Tunisia, April 2003

10. The role and limitations of minimally invasive procedure for stone in paediatric population, XVIII Congress, European Association of Urology, Madrid, Spain, March 2003

11. The puzzle of urolithiasis - are there any missing pieces? 2nd eULIS symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2003

12. Percutaneous management of PUJ obstruction. 2nd eULIS symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2003

13. Percutaneous management of upper tract TCC. 2nd eULIS symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2003

14. Imaging for urinary stones. 1st Congress of European Society for Urological Imaging, Trieste, Italy, October 2003

15. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy in the New Millennium, 10th International Symposium on Urolithiasis, Hong Kong, May 2004

Visiting professor of urology, University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Harare, Zimbabwe, January 2000

(1) Prevention of post-operative systemic sepsis following minimally invasive surgery for urinary tract calculi - studies of antibiotic and anti-endotoxin-core antibody prophylaxis

M.D. awarded to Mr.D.Neilson, University of Liverpool, 1997

(2) An in vitro model of stone formation

M.Sc., awarded to Mr.K.Ananth, University of London, 2000

(3) Studies of calcium oxalate crystallisation

Ph.D. awarded to Dr.R.Walton, University of Manchester, 2003

(1) National Kidney Research Fund for: Identification of factors important in urolithiasis using an in vitro model of kidney stone formation (2001-2003)
AMOUNT: £93,993

(2) National Kidney Research Fund for: Calcium oxalate stone growth in urine from recurrent stone formers receiving treatment with crystallisation inhibitors (2004-2006)
AMOUNT: £81,598

(3) Oxaluria and Oxalosis Society (USA): Factors affecting oxalate stones in the laboratory (2004-2006)
AMOUNT: app. £70,000 (in US$)